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Showing posts with label E-BOOKS. Show all posts
Thursday, 12 February 2015
Thursday, 12 February 2015
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Folic AcidFolic acid is one of the B-complex vitamins required in order to produce red blood cells. Folic acid is a manufactured form of folate; folate can be found naturally in certain foods, such as leafy green vegetables, nuts, beans, and grains. Some cereals contain 100% of the daily value of folic acid a woman should take per day. If there is an insufficient amount of this vitamin, it can cause anemia. Because the body does not make much folic acid, it is useful to take a vitamin pill form to ensure that you get the recommended daily value.
History
Many scientists around the 1920s thought that folate deficiency and anemia were the same condition. In the year 1931, a researcher named Lucy Wills led to determining folate as the nutrient needed to prevent anemia during pregnancy. In other words, folate was an important source needed during the state when a person is pregnant. Through this identification, Dr. Wills illustrated that anemia could be reversed with brewer's yeast. Thus, folate was seen as the corrective substance in brewer's yeast. In the year 1941, Mitchell and other people first separated and extracted folate from spinach leaves.
Furthermore, in 1943, Bob Stokstad who worked at the Lederle Laboratories of the American Cyanamid Company, isolated the pure crystalline form and was then able to determine folate chemical structure. Under the supervision and help of Director of Research Dr. Yellapragada Subbarao, a group called "folic acid boys" in the year 1945 was able to obtain folic acid in a pure crystalline form. This historical research project led to the synthesis of the antifolate aminopterin. Antifolate aminopterin is the first anticancer drug.
Then in the 1950s to the 1960s, many scientists started to study biochemical mechanisms and discovered the different actions for folate. This led to linking folate deficiency to neural tube defects. Overall, many US scientists noticed that food sold in markets contain really little folate; therefore, more food should contains folate to help people especailly those who are pregnant.
Foods Containing Folate
There are many healthy foods that are very high in folate. Some are listed below:
- Egg yolks
- Sunflower seeds
- Liver and Kidney Products
- Leafy vegetables such as turnip greens, lettuce, spinach
- Legumes such as beans, peas, and lentils
- Grain Products such pasta, cereal, bread
Food that contains few amount in folate:
- Fruits such as banana, raspberry, strawberry
- Juice such as orange or pineapple juice
Note that folate is naturally found in foods that are susceptible in high heat and UV light. Folate is also water soluble.
Folic Acid and Pregnancy
Folic acid has been proven to protect against birth defects during the first weeks of pregnancy. Such birth defects include spina bifida, which is the case involving the backbone and spinal canal not being able to fully close. It can also protect against anencephaly, a condition in which the brain does not develop. Babies born with anencephaly usually die before or shortly after they are born. [1] Women who are pregnant or are trying to get pregnant are recommended to take 400 to 800 micrograms of folic acid per day.
It is possible for folic acid to reduce chances of spinal or brain defects by nearly 70%. These diseases are known as neural tube defects which always occur when the spinal cord fails to close properly during development which is what spina bifida is.
Folic acid ultimately reduces the level of a potentially harmful compound called homocysteine. This is done by speeding up the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, a nontoxic amino acid that the human body prefers and needs. Scientists and researchers discovered that locking the enzyme MTHFR to its cofactor FAD allows folic acid to perform its unique function in the human body. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration recommends all women of child-bearing age to supplement her diet with folic acid to prevent potential birth defects from occurring.
Side effects of taking folic acid include a skin rash, itchiness, redness, or difficulty breathing.
Folic acid can also be ingested through a balanced diet. This includes, fortified cereals, whole grains, fruits, veggies, beans, and other natural protein. Those looking to increase folic acid intake due to pregnancy can do it naturally through diet or both with supplements and food. It is important for males also to not neglect folic acid. Although they do not benefit from the birth defect preventions, folic acid is still a healthy supplement that is necessary in small doses.
Sperm Quality
It is commonly seen that folic acid can minimize the chromosomal defeats in sperm. Thus, folate is an important source for fertility in both men and women because it contributes to spermatogenesis. Basically, for both gender, it is crucial to receive a good amount of folate through the diet to avoid subfertility.
Heart Disease
Using folic acid will reduce homocysteine levels, but it will not minimize cardiovascular disease. However, this applies differently for women who are pregnant. Consuming folic acid during pregnancy may reduce the risk of heart defects in infants, which is a good thing. It may also reduce the risk for children to develop a syndrome called the metabolic syndrome.
Stroke
Even though taking folic acid does not reduce heart disease, it appears to reduce the risk of stroke. However, there are many reviews that indicate how only some individuals who take folic acid may in return minimize the risk of stroke. In other words, folic acid may only work on some people. It is being said that stroke reduction is consistent with the reduction in pulse pressure produced by folate supplementation of 5 mg per day. So for those who are likely to get heart disease, it is important to consume folate in every day diet. This is the reason why hyperhomocysteinemia or stroke patients are greatly encouraged by their doctors to take daily vitamin B which includes folic acid. Folic supplements are in expensive and are quite safe to use, but do not overdo it.
Cancer
Since many cancer cells tolerate folic acid and overexpress the folic acid receptor, this had led to the creation of anti-cancer drugs that target the folic acid receptor. There are investigations that proved that good levels of folic acid may be related to lower risk of stomach, esophageal, and ovarian cancers. However, the benefits of folic acid against cancer may only depend on when an individual is taking it and on the conditions of that particular person. This is because everyone tends to have a different immune system that reacts to certain things differently.
Moreover, for individuals who are already suffering from cancer or from precancerous condition may find that taking folic acid may not be helpful and can be damaging. Therefore, consuming a certain amount of folic acid is crucial for everyday diet, but it is important to note that excess of folate may promote tumor initiation. High folate intake promotes advanced carcinogenesis and low folate intake protects against early carcinogenesis. Hence, many doctors and public health recommend being super careful when taking folate and encourage not to intake too much folate.
Diets that are high in folate are related with the decreased risk of colorectal cancer. There are some researches that show how the association is stronger for folate that are taken from foods than folate from supplements. In relation to folate and one carbon metabolism, colorectal cancer is the most studied type of cancer. Furthermore, there are epidemiologic studies that suggest diets high in folate are associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. Studies also show that high dietary folate intake will minimize the risk of prostate cancer. Overall, there had been many studies dealing with folate acid to prevent many kinds of disease.
Saturday, 10 January 2015
Saturday, 10 January 2015
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Download Road Map Biochemistry by Richard G. Macdonald and William G. Chaney
You'll never find an easier, more efficient, and more focused way to ace biochemistry and biochemistry-related questions on the USMLE and course examinations than the USMLE Road Map. Designed to provide maximum learning in minimum time, this fully updated USMLE Road Map offers a concise, creative, and well-illustrated approach to mastering biochemistry.
To download this book click on download button
To download this book click on download button
Tuesday, 30 December 2014
Tuesday, 30 December 2014
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Free Download Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Compendium
While biomedical investigation has greatly advanced, investigators have lost touch with and inadvertently corrupted significant nomenclature at the foundation of their science. Nowadays, one has to be an insider to even understand the titles of journals, as modern biochemists have a tendency to invent new terms to describe old phenomena and apply acronyms in a haphazard way. In addition, while the use of kits now saves time, by taking shortcuts, many have lost touch with the principles that lie behind the processes they employ. Assembled by Roger Lundblad, the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Compendium provides both academic and industrial researchers with an exceptionally accessible resource that offers a plethora of practical information not found in more database-oriented resources. A renowned scientist and author who bridges the old school of protein research and current proteomics, Dr. Lundblad is uniquely qualified to bring forth this handy resource.
With great respect for the roots of the science, Dr. Lundblad provides a list of commonly used acronyms with definitions, as well as a glossary of terms and subjects used in biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, proteomics, genomics, and systems biology. He also provides a chapter on those chemicals commonly employed in biochemistry and molecular biology, complete with properties and structure drawings, as well as a detailed accounting of protease inhibitors and protease inhibitor cocktails. A list of organic name reactions used in biochemistry is also included, as is a list of buffers with references to specific uses and unwanted side reactions.
Until now, this information could only be garnered from older books and Internet searches convoluted by uncertain nomenclature. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Compendium may not provide all the answers, but researchers will find it to be a valuable tool that will save them time, as well as provide essential links to the roots of their science.
To download this book click on download button
With great respect for the roots of the science, Dr. Lundblad provides a list of commonly used acronyms with definitions, as well as a glossary of terms and subjects used in biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, proteomics, genomics, and systems biology. He also provides a chapter on those chemicals commonly employed in biochemistry and molecular biology, complete with properties and structure drawings, as well as a detailed accounting of protease inhibitors and protease inhibitor cocktails. A list of organic name reactions used in biochemistry is also included, as is a list of buffers with references to specific uses and unwanted side reactions.
Until now, this information could only be garnered from older books and Internet searches convoluted by uncertain nomenclature. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Compendium may not provide all the answers, but researchers will find it to be a valuable tool that will save them time, as well as provide essential links to the roots of their science.
To download this book click on download button
Free Download Biology 12 by Nelson
Nelson Biology 12 thoroughly equips students with the independent leaning, problem-solving, and research skills that are essential to successfully meet the entrance requirements for university programs. This resource offers students an opportunity for in-depth study of the concepts and processes associated with biological systems, and balances the teaching and learning of theoretical concepts with concrete applications in the areas of metabolic processes, molecular genetics, homeostasis, evolution, and population dynamics.
Features & Benefits:
• Enhanced Text Design is similar to what students will experience with first-year college/university texts
• Self-contained and self-explanatory lessons
• A variety of self-evaluation and self-marking strategies
• Placement of lab activities at the end of chapters parallels the formal separation of theory and labs in university courses
• Extension and web-link strategies provide opportunities to hone individual research and study skills
• A wealth of diagnostic, pre-testing activities
• Regular practice, assessment, and remediation opportunities
• Extends the scope and diversity of student learning through web access strategies and digitally rendered program components
• Ensures seamless articulation with existing Grade 11 Biology resources
To download this book click on download button
Features & Benefits:
• Enhanced Text Design is similar to what students will experience with first-year college/university texts
• Self-contained and self-explanatory lessons
• A variety of self-evaluation and self-marking strategies
• Placement of lab activities at the end of chapters parallels the formal separation of theory and labs in university courses
• Extension and web-link strategies provide opportunities to hone individual research and study skills
• A wealth of diagnostic, pre-testing activities
• Regular practice, assessment, and remediation opportunities
• Extends the scope and diversity of student learning through web access strategies and digitally rendered program components
• Ensures seamless articulation with existing Grade 11 Biology resources
To download this book click on download button
Free Download Biology: Introduction To Molecular Genetics And Genomics Biology: Introduction To Molecular Genetics And Genomics To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Molecular Biology in Medicinal Chemistry This readily comprehensible book explains the identification of molecular targets via cellular assays, reporter genes or transgenic models, as well as surveying recent advances in the synthesis, separation and analysis of drugs. A special section is devoted to molecular genetics methods. With its examination of these novel methods and generous practical advice, this is essential reading for all pharmaceutical chemists, molecular biologists and medical researchers using molecular methods to study drugs and their action. To download this book click download button  |
Free Download Biology: A guide to the Natural World by Krogh David Krogh’s Biology: A Guide to the Natural Worldleads readers on a memorable journey through the world of biology, using relevant examples, clearly-developed illustrations, and helpful insights that resonate with today’s students. Widely-recognized as a book that students enjoy reading, the Fifth Edition has been thoroughly updated with new discussions on social concerns and health applications, along with streamlined chapter summaries and expanded review questions. To download this book click on download button  |
Monday, 29 December 2014
Monday, 29 December 2014
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Free Download Biology 6th Edition by Raven Johnson
BIOLOGY is an authoritative majors textbook with evolution as a unifying theme. In revising the text, McGraw-Hill has consulted extensively with previous users, noted experts and professors in the field. It is distinguished from other texts by its strong emphasis on natural selection and the evolutionary process that explains biodiversity
Five considerations influenced this revision. They are: 1) Focus on concepts; 2) Reinforcing Ideas; 3) Emphasizing relevance to students; 4) Keeping up with new developments; and 5) Careful editing.
To download this book click on download button
Five considerations influenced this revision. They are: 1) Focus on concepts; 2) Reinforcing Ideas; 3) Emphasizing relevance to students; 4) Keeping up with new developments; and 5) Careful editing.
To download this book click on download button
Free Download Biology IB Study Guide The IB Biology study guide has been updated to meet the needs of students taking the IB Diploma Programme Biology from 2007. It is highly illustrated and concepts are precisely and clearly described. Higher level material is clearly indicated. All option material is covered. Students can use this book not only as a revision and practice guide for the exam but for learning and reinforcing concepts throughout the course. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Biology International Baccalaureate by Minka Peeters Weem A useful textbook to refer to directly for statements relating to the IB syllabus. A very useful buy since it contains notes/explanations under every IB objective, so one can concisely study for the subject. Use this book preferable with a more comprehensive textbook as a reference alongside as well. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Biology Source Book for Enjoyable Teaching and Learning This sourcebook is addresssed to all those who are concerned with the teaching of Science at the Junior Secondary School level. This includes the Teachers, Teacher Training College Tutors and University Lecturers. Nevertheless, the book will also be useful to Science Club Organisers, the Student or Anyone who wants to experiment on their own. The main audience is the teacher and tutor who work in inadequate teaching and learning conditions trying to encourage students to develop skills to understand, control and wisely use science in their daily life. This sourcebook is the result of an International Workshop which drew participants from Uganda, Tanzania, Germany and Great Britain. This participants developed and tested ideas, experiments and activities which can be quickly performed in any classroom using a few low or even no cost materials. Moreover, these practicals do not require a great deal of preparation. Such easy and enjoyable activities and experiments have a long standing tradition in the history of teaching science. They are often called "hand experiments" because most can be performed without commercial equipment but by hands alone. You will find ideas and suggestions which are not normally found in science textbooks. We assume that teachers are familiar with most of the traditional experiments which are found in the set textbooks. Going through this book, the reader will find that many traditional experiments can be performed as "hand experiments" too. They are more illustrative and more appealing to the students than "black-box experiments" with sophisticated commercial equipment. They encourage the students' creativity to invent other experiments and activities and stimulate their natural curiosity to understand the biology of everyday life. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Bryophyte Biology by Bernard Goffinet This fully updated and expanded new edition offers a complete overview of hornworts, liverworts, and mosses-diverse groups of land plants that occupy many habitats throughout the world. Revised classifications incorporate contributions from the most recent phylogenetic studies. Six new chapters have also been added, focusing on Physcomitrella to plant genomic research, population ecology of bryophytes, mechanisms of drought tolerance, a phylogenomic perspective on land plant evolution, and problems and progress of bryophyte speciation and conservation. Rich in primary source references and written by leaders in the field, this comprehensive text is suitable for advanced students and researchers. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Cell Biology-A Short Course by Stephen R. Bolsover This text tells the story of cells as the unit of life in a colorful and student-friendly manner, taking an "essentials only" approach. By using the successful model of previously published Short Courses, this text succeeds in conveying the key points without overburdening readers with secondary information. The authors (all active researchers and educators) skillfully present concepts by illustrating them with clear diagrams and examples from current research. Special boxed sections focus on the importance of cell biology in medicine and industry today. This text is a completely revised, reorganized, and enhanced revision of From Genes to Cells. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology by Verma, Agarwal
The multicoloured edition of the textbook of Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology is the outcome of sincere and combined efforts of the authors and editors (namely Shishir Bhatnagar, Shubha Pradhan, Malini Kothiyal) and young but talented persons of DTP of S.Chand & Company Ltd. Their main motive remained to provide relevant coloured photographs explaining various intricate biological
topics. Multicoloured figures and photographs of this edition would help our target readers to understand and fully appreciate the very gist of the subject matter. Authors and editors have remained quite choosy and vigilant regarding relevance and authenticity of each and every illustration/picture finding its place in this textbook.
Authors earnestly hope that this multicoloured edition of the textbook of Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology will enhance the curiosity of our target readers to know more and more about the subject. It will arm them with latest information for facing any type of exam quite adequately.
This book is meant for students of B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. of biological group. Students appearing in entrance exams of C.P.M.T., I.F.S., P.C.S. and I.A.S., etc, may be immensely benefited by this book.
To download this book click on download button
topics. Multicoloured figures and photographs of this edition would help our target readers to understand and fully appreciate the very gist of the subject matter. Authors and editors have remained quite choosy and vigilant regarding relevance and authenticity of each and every illustration/picture finding its place in this textbook.
Authors earnestly hope that this multicoloured edition of the textbook of Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology will enhance the curiosity of our target readers to know more and more about the subject. It will arm them with latest information for facing any type of exam quite adequately.
This book is meant for students of B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. of biological group. Students appearing in entrance exams of C.P.M.T., I.F.S., P.C.S. and I.A.S., etc, may be immensely benefited by this book.
To download this book click on download button
Free Download Developmental Biology 7th Edition by Scott F. Gilbert During the past four years, the field of developmental biology has begun a new metamorphosis. The Ninth Edition of Developmental Biology mirrors this shift with a wholly revised text, over 600 new literature citations, and substantial reorganization of content. The introductory section has been streamlined from six chapters to three one each on developmental anatomy, the mechanisms of gene regulation during differentiation, and cell cell communication during morphogenesis. Another new feature is the addition of short part openers that address key concerns in developmental biology. These provide an introduction to the subsequent chapters, telling the reader what to expect and placing that information into a specific context. Each chapter ends with a guide to Web-based resources relevant to that chapter s content, and the Ninth Edition is the first to include a glossary of key terms. Some of the new material in this edition includes: mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells; the transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells; new data on sea urchin micromere specification; the mechanisms whereby Sry and Wnt signaling determine mammalian sex; the memory of cell fate during amphibian limb regeneration; how bats got their wings and how dachshunds got their short legs. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology A unique, encyclopaedic reference work covering the whole field of pure and applied microbiology and microbial molecular biology. This latest edition contains a vast amount of new and updated material - often to research level, and well beyond the coverage of current textbooks - making the dictionary even more valuable to lecturers, students, researchers and others in the bio-sciences and medicine. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Elsevier's Dictionary of Medicine and Biology Dictionaries are didactic books used as consultation instruments for self-teaching. They are composed by an ordered set of linguistic units which reflects a double structure, the macrostructure which correspond to the word list and the microstructure that refers to the contents of each lemma. The great value of dictionaries nests in the fact that they establish a standard nomenclature and prevent in that way the appearance of new useless synonyms. This dictionary contains a total of about 27.500 main English entries, and over of 130.000 translations that should normally sufficiently cover all fields of life sciences. The basic criteria used to accept a word a part of the dictionary during the development period in order of importance were usage, up-to-dateness, specificity, simplicity and conceptual relationships. The dictionary meets the standards of higher education and covers all main fields of life sciences by setting its primary focus on the vastly developing fields of cell biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, developmental biology, microbiology, genetics and also the fields of human anatomy, histology, pathology, physiology, zoology and botany. The fields of ecology, paleontology, systematics, evolution, biostatistics, plant physiology, plant anatomy, plant histology, biometry and lab techniques have been sufficiently covered but in a more general manner. The latest Latin international anatomical terminology "Terminologia Anatomica" or "TA" has been fully incorporated and all anatomical entries have been given their international Latin TA synonym. This dictionary will be a valuable and helpful tool for all scientists, teachers, students and generally all those that work within the fields of life sciences. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Essential Forensic Biology by Alan Gunn
This book is an introduction to the application of biology in legal investigations. Fully revised and updated throughout, the second edition of this highly successful textbook offers an accessible overview to the essentials of the subject providing a balanced coverage of the range of organisms used as evidence in forensic investigations; invertebrates, vertebrates, plants and microbes. The book provides an overview of the decay process and discusses the role of forensic indicators – human fluids and tissues, including blood cells, bloodstain pattern analysis, hair, teeth, bones, and wounds. It also examines the study of forensic biology in cases of suspicious death. The coverage of molecular techniques has been expanded throughout with additional material on bioterrorism and wildlife forensics now included. The use of DNA and RNA for the identification of individuals and their personal characteristics is now covered along with a discussion of the ethical issues associated with the maintenance of DNA databases.
• Fully revised and updated new edition of this highly successful textbook.
• Includes self–assessment questions at the end of each chapter and case studies.
• Now in full colour throughout.
• Includes a supplementary website ( www.wileyeurope.com/college/gunn ) covering additional material and self–test questions to reinforce student understanding.
To download this book click on download button
• Fully revised and updated new edition of this highly successful textbook.
• Includes self–assessment questions at the end of each chapter and case studies.
• Now in full colour throughout.
• Includes a supplementary website ( www.wileyeurope.com/college/gunn ) covering additional material and self–test questions to reinforce student understanding.
To download this book click on download button
Free Download Functional Genomics: Methods in Molecular Biology Volume 224 This collection of robust, readily reproducible methods for microarray-based studies includes expert guidance in the optimal data analysis and informatics. On the methods side are proven techniques for monitoring subcellular RNA localization en masse, for mapping chromosomes at the resolution of a single gene, and for surveying the steady-state genome-wide distribution of DNA binding proteins in vivo. For those workers dealing with massive data sets, the book discusses the methodological aspects of data analysis and informatics in the design of microarray experiments, the choice of test statistic, and the assessment of observational significance, data reduction, and clustering. To download this book click on download button  |
Free Download Fungi: Biology and Applications by Kevin Kavanagh
Fungi: Biology and Applications is a comprehensive, balanced introduction of the biology, biotechnological applications and medical significance of fungi. With no prior knowledge of the subject assumed, the opening chapters offer a broad overview of the basics of fungal biology, in particular the physiology and genetics of fungi. Later chapters move on to include more detailed coverage of topics such as proteomics, bioinformatics, heterologous protein expression, medical mycology, anti-fungal drug development and function, fungal biotechnology and fungal pathogens of economically important plants.
Carefully structured, each chapter contains self-assessment exercises with answers included at the end of the book to enhance student understanding.
To download this book click on download button
Carefully structured, each chapter contains self-assessment exercises with answers included at the end of the book to enhance student understanding.
To download this book click on download button
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