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The AB toxins are two-component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria. They can be classified as Type III toxins bec...

Root nodules occur on the roots of plants (primarily Fabaceae) that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiti...

How the NAD+ Works Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleot...

A lysosome (derived from the Greek words lysis, meaning "to loosen", and soma, "body") is a membrane-bound cell organell...

Why are the lungs important? Oxygen, a basic gas, is needed by every cell in your body in order to live. The air that comes into the body th...

In physiology, respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carb...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biomedical technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece...

Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. This cyclic disch...

DNA mismatch repair is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise d...

The atom is the smallest unit that defines the chemical elements and their isotopes. Every substance, be it solid, liquid or gas is made up ...