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The AB toxins are two-component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria. They can be classified as Type III toxins bec...

Root nodules occur on the roots of plants (primarily Fabaceae) that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiti...

A lysosome (derived from the Greek words lysis, meaning "to loosen", and soma, "body") is a membrane-bound cell organell...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biomedical technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece...

Mitosis is the cell cycle process by which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its o...

Osteoporosis ("porous bones", from Greek: οστούν/ostoun meaning "bone" and πόρος/poros meaning "pore") is a pr...

The atom is the smallest unit that defines the chemical elements and their isotopes. Every substance, be it solid, liquid or gas is made up ...

In physiology, respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carb...

Free Download Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology by Verma, Agarwal The multicoloured edition of the textbook o...

DNA mismatch repair is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise d...